A report examined the experiences and preferences of low-income Caribbean, Pakistani, and Somali people in the United Kingdom in balancing work and care responsibilities. It said that: discrimination prevented people from balancing work and care; many people were unaware of free childcare provision for 2-4 year olds; benefit changes were likely to make it more difficult to balance work and care; attitudes towards caring varied greatly across ethnic groups; and caring responsibilities were predominantly taken up by women. The report made a range of recommendations including for better access to employment and flexible working, for information and advice to be improved, for a range of measures to improve access to formal childcare, and for policy to be reviewed to ensure that it met the needs of all families.
Source: Omar Khan, Akile Ahmet, and Christina Victor, Balancing Caring and Earning for British Caribbean, Pakistani and Somali People, Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Date: 2014-Jun
An article examined the association between a poor work-life balance and poor health across 27 European countries, and the variation of work-life balance between the countries. It said that employees reporting a poor work-life balance reported more health problems, with similar associations seen for men and women, and a large part of the between-country variation of work-life balance was explained by working hours, working time regulations, and welfare state regimes. It said that the best overall balance was reported by Scandinavian men and women.
Source: Thorsten Lunau, Clare Bambra, Terje Eikemo, Kjetil van der Wel, and Nico Dragano, 'A balancing act? Work-life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states', European Journal of Public Health, Volume 24 Number 3
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Jun
A report provided a summary of published evidence on the costs and benefits to business of flexible working, parental leave, and childcare support practices.
Source: Deborah Smeaton, Kath Ray, and Genevieve Knight, Employment Relations: Costs and benefits to business of adopting work life balance working practices – a literature review, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Links: Report
Date: 2014-Jun
A report examined how employers could help to address in-work poverty in the United Kingdom. It said that increasing pay levels was only part of the solution, and discussed how employee-friendly human resource management and development practices, such as structured recruitment, training, performance management, flexible working, and fringe benefits, might contribute. The report also considered more specifically issues related to employment in the adult care sector.
Source: John Philpott, Rewarding Work for Low-Paid Workers, Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Links: Report | Summary | JRF press release
Date: 2014-May
A report brought together the core findings from a series of six short statistical reports about the reconciliation of work, private, and family life in Europe. It said that the work had highlighted large gender disparities in employment situations between parents and non-parents, with lower employment levels, fewer work hours, and more underemployment among mothers in many western European countries, as compared with women without children and men with or without children. The work had also found persistent inequality among social groups, that certain groups such as single parents were more vulnerable to the challenges of work-life balance, and that long-standing social and cultural norms played a role in perpetuating gender inequality in employment. The report said that there were large differences between European Union member states in levels of, and support for, employment, and that, although the situation varied between countries, childcare and cultural norms regarding children were still important factors in employment decisions. The report concluded that there had not generally been a move away from the 'male breadwinner' model, and said that the findings illustrated the importance of recognizing the heterogeneity among groups (of women, men, parents, or non-parents), the importance of considering gender roles and cultural norms, and a need for work-life reconciliation policies targeting vulnerable groups. The supporting work was published as a series of annexes, alongside this report.
Source: Melinda Mills, Flavia Tsang, Patrick Prag, Kai Ruggeri, Celine Miani, and Stijn Hoorens, Gender Equality in the Workforce: Reconciling work, private and family life in Europe – final report, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 1: Melinda Mills, Patrick Prag, Flavia Tsang, Katia Begall, James Derbyshire, Laura Kohle, Celine Miani, and Stijn Hoorens, Use of Childcare Services in the EU Member States and Progress Towards the Barcelona Targets: Short Statistical Report No. 1, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 2: Celine Miani and Stijn Hoorens, Parents at Work: Men and women participating in the labour force – Short Statistical Report No. 2, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 3: Kai Ruggeri and Chloe Bird, Single Parents and Employment in Europe: Short Statistical Report No. 3, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 4: Melinda Mills and Patrick Prag, Gender Inequalities in the School-to-Work Transition in Europe: Short Statistical Report No. 4, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 5: Flavia Tsang, Michael Rendall, Charlene Rohr, and Stijn Hoorens, Emerging Trends in Earnings Structures of Couples in Europe: Short Statistical Report No. 5, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Annex 6: Patrick Prag and Melinda Mills, Family-Related Working Schedule Flexibility across Europe: Short Statistical Report No. 6, RAND Europe
Links: Report
Date: 2014-May
The Northern Ireland Executive published the Work and Families Bill. The Bill was designed to make provision about shared rights to leave from work and statutory pay in connection with caring for children; for time off work to accompany to ante-natal appointments or to attend adoption appointments; and to extend the right to request flexible working to all employees with adequate length of service.
Source: Work and Families Bill, Northern Ireland Executive, TSO
Links: Bill | Explanatory notes
Date: 2014-Apr
A report examined employers' views about shared parental leave and extending the right to request flexible working to all employees, based on research undertaken in 2011 (prior to changes in United Kingdom government policy). It said that employers were supportive, in principle, of family friendly working but were concerned about the practical application of regulations, and there was limited support for shared parental leave.
Source: Elizabeth Jordan, Andrew Thomas, John Kitching, and Robert Blackburn, Employment Regulation Part B: Employer perceptions of maternity and paternity leave and flexible working arrangements, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Links: Report
Date: 2014-Mar
A report examined the impact on employers and employees of caring for someone with dementia. It discussed the support needs of carers, a lack of awareness of existing provision provided by employers, the need of carers for information about available care and support services, and a general need for more, and specialist, care and support for people in different stages of dementia. The report made recommendations.
Source: Supporting Employees who are Caring for Someone with Dementia, Carers UK
Links: Report | Carers UK press release
Date: 2014-Mar
A report examined how to improve high quality childcare and the measures that would enable greater balance between paid and unpaid work. It made three key recommendations: that the pay levels for childcare workers should be tripled and the career structure improved; for employers to move towards a standard 30-hour week, to improve parents' work-life balance; and for universal provision of high quality childcare.
Source: Jacob Mohun Himmelweit, Anna Coote, and Juliette Hough, The Value of Childcare: Quality, cost and time, New Economics Foundation
Date: 2014-Feb
A report examined the costs of caring and the impact for carers of the Welfare Reform Act 2012. It outlined a wide range of costs incurred by carers across the United Kingdom, noting the dual impact of loss of earnings and rising household costs, as well as a range of impacts for those who combined work with caring responsibilities. It said that carers reported losing benefits as a result of changes in council tax, housing benefit and income support. The report said that the introduction of personal independence payments posed risks to their receipt of carer's allowance, as a result of eligibility changes for the people for whom they cared. It made a range of recommendations to improve the financial situation and work flexibility of carers, as well as for an urgent cumulative impact assessment of the impact of the Act, and for carers' financial needs to be considered within the National Carers Strategy.
Source: Caring and Family Finances Inquiry – UK report, Carers UK
Links: Report | Summary | Carers UK press release | Telegraph report
Date: 2014-Feb
An article examined cross-country differences in over- and under-employment in Europe, focusing on the growth of part-time work. The spread of part-time work had resulted in a downward adaptation of 'descriptive norms' regulating work hours. The article noted that, initially, women had used part-time work to solve the work-family conflict and the increase of part-time work among women with children had increased its acceptance among women and men, as it allowed paid work to be combined with education and care. A larger share of part-time work in a country was said to be associated with stronger preferences among full-time workers to reduce work hours, and the preference to reduce work hours spread among full-time working mothers, and from mothers to other full-time working women and men. It said that preferences to increase working hours among part-time workers were more driven by the level of prosperity of the country.
Source: Rudi Wielers, Maria Munderlein, and Ferry Koster, 'Part-time work and work hour preferences: an international comparison', European Sociological Review, Volume 30 Number 1
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Feb
An article examined differences in work restrictions of mid-life family carers of older people in 6 European countries (including the United Kingdom). Work restrictions were relatively high in the UK.
Source: Andrea Principi, Giovanni Lamura, Cristina Sirolla, Liz Mestheneos, Barbara Bien, Jayne Brown, Barbro Krevers, Maria Gabriella Melchiorre, and Hanneli Dohner, 'Work restrictions experienced by midlife family care-givers of older people: evidence from six European countries', Ageing and Society, Volume 34 Issue 2 publication
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Feb
An article examined the drivers of employment-oriented family policy in a sample of developed countries (including Britain).
Source: Timo Fleckenstein and Soohyun Christine Lee, 'The politics of postindustrial social policy: family policy reforms in Britain, Germany, South Korea, and Sweden', Comparative Political Studies, Volume 47 Number 4
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Feb
An article examined the potential for workplace partnership to produce mutual gains through the implementation of high-performance, flexible-working initiatives. A significant potential existed for partnership agreements to deliver mutual gains, albeit within a narrower range of workplace practices than might be the case if the innovation package were designed with the primary interest of only one group in mind. Managers and employees had different perspectives in relation to partnership arrangements, with the latter having the more realistic expectations of achievable outcomes.
Source: Philip Whyman and Alina Petrescu, 'Partnership, flexible workplace practices and the realisation of mutual gains: evidence from the British WERS 2004 dataset', International Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 25 Issue 6
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Jan
A report examined how families combined family life with work in the United Kingdom. Based on a commissioned survey, it said that: over 50 per cent of women in couple households worked part-time, compared with five per cent of fathers; more than half of parents reported that they were not able to leave work on time; almost one-third (31 per cent) said that their employers offered no flexible working option; and one-quarter reported being very stressed. The report said that fathers, particularly young fathers and those with one child, were more resentful towards employers about their work-life balance. Just under one-quarter of families used grandparents for childcare.
Source: Time, Health and the Family: What working families want, Working Families
Links: Report | Working Families press release
Date: 2014-Jan
An article examined positive and negative spillover between work and home, and its interrelation with life satisfaction, among knowledge workers. Positive spillover from home was interrelated with higher life satisfaction, whereas negative spillover from work was related to lower life satisfaction. Family role importance and career role importance were associated with higher life satisfaction. For respondents with higher family role importance, there was a stronger interrelation between negative spillover from home and lower life satisfaction.
Source: Hans-Joachim Wolfram and Lynda Gratton, 'Spillover between work and home, role importance and life satisfaction', British Journal of Management, Volume 25 Issue 1
Links: Abstract
Date: 2014-Jan